Boston Estate Planning and Probate Lawyer & Attorney : Gosselin & Associates Law Firm : Serving Boston, Winchester, Hingham, Wellesley, Manchester

Reverse mortgages are not just for poor people anymore. I am tired of hearing about reverse mortgages - in the past six months it's as if someone flipped a switch to turn up the noise, not necessarily the quality, of the messaging to elders about reverse mortgages.  

In my practice as an estate planner in Massachusetts I am often called upon to "get creative" on behalf of clients. As one of only a few true legal experts in the reverse mortgage industry, my creativity often opens the discussion with clients about complex uses of reverse mortgages in estate planning.

 I have developed several methods to leverage the equity value of a client's house to enhance either the economic benefit or overall personal security of clients. To explain the concepts in shorthand, Gosselin Law claims a servicemark on the shorthand names of many of our approaches. Here are examples of somewhat magical things that can be done with reverse mortgages as an estate planning tool.

GOLDEN TRIANGLE(sm). The Golden Triangle demonstrates to elders looking to plan for long term care how to use the reverse mortgage as a tool for closing the five year gap provided under the new Medicaid laws. It is a triangle as there is an estate plan, a long term care plan and a reverse mortgage plan coming together to provide for both current and future long term care needs. Here's how it works:

Mary, a 77 year old widow in Boston, has lived in her own home for over 40 years. This is the house that sheltered her family, where her dear husband passed and where she intends to stay until the very end. Although Mary has a good pension from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Social Security and adequate short term savings,  Mary is concerned that if she needed long term medical care that she could not afford to remain in her home or pay for a nursing home. Mary also wants to provide as much for her family upon her death as possible; after all she and her husband both worked hard to be able to leave something for their three children.

Mary's good health and family history of longevity helps indicate that Mary will likely grow to be very old. Her home is valued at $450,000 in today's real estate market. Based on her age, current interest rates and the property's values, Mary's HECM line of credit will be about $280,000 at closing. Mary qualifies for long term care insurance, but she feels that the $5,000 annual premium, although vitally important to her ability to remain in her home, is too much to pay on her fixed income. As many elder law lawyer advised her to  transfer the house to avoid exposure to a Medicaid lien - but every technique available requires a 5 year waiting period before she would be elegible for Medicaid.  At 77, Mary could live 15, 20 years or even longer - so even with her fixed income and ongoing inflation, she will no longer be able to afford to stay in her home in the not so distant future.

By securing a HECM reverse mortgage line of credit or similar reverse mortgage product, Mary will enable herself to have access to both a current and ready pool of cash, but also an appreciating line of credit that will be available to her for the rest of her life. Using a $5,000 per year draw, Mary will be able to buy the "Cadillac" of long term care insurance (including extensive home care benefits and high benefit limits) which will also serve to exempt her house from Medicaid liens immediately, without waiting for five years. At the same time, Mary's estate planning will have time to season. After five years, Mary will have had the peace of mind in the form of long term care insurance, lifetime financial security, and in her ever increasing available HECM cash and a now permanent estate plan to carry out her wishes. A Golden Triangle, indeed.

An interesting variation on the reverse mortgage that could work well in the Golden Triangle is the "Retirement Mortgage" from Virgin Money. Essentially a child acts as the reverse mortgage lender, documents the transaction as a loan to ensure that he or she is repaid before any other siblings at the time of the elder's death. I am a big proponent of Virgin Money (full disclosure is that I am working with Virgin Money in developing new and exciting products for the US market), on the principle that families should be helping each other first before turning to often high cost products from the financial services community. 

SNOWBIRD(sm). In the Snowbird(sm) we show reverse mortgage companies how to prospect with sunbelt real estate agents to facilitate the purchase of properties with reverse mortgages, primary residences can be obtained with a reverse mortgage purchase money mortgage, and secondary residence by using a reverse mortgage leveraged primary residence in Massachusetts as collateral for the real estate purchase. Similarly, we show elder homeowners how to conserve cash by using reverse mortgages as purchase money mortgages. Here's an example:

Bob and Cathy, 70 and 68 respectively, haved lived in their lovely 4 bedroom home in Newton for over 30 years. Now retired, Bob and Cathy enjoy playing golf, sailing and visiting with their two children and their families (who both live in the Greater Boston area). As much as they enjoy the New England seasons, they enjoy spending the Winter and long weekends in Florida. They have made many new friends and enjoy the Florida lifestyle, especially in the Clearwater Beach area.

Financially, Bob and Cathy have not fared too well. Bob worked for Polaroid for over 30 years, but because of its collapse, his pension benefits and stock savings (all in Polaroid stock) are meager at best. Bob continues to work part time at The Country Club in Brookline, which also gets him some free time on the greens. Cathy never worked outside the home, but has been doing quite well organizing Ebay sales for her friends and neighbors looking to downsize their homes. The thought of doing this at this point in her life brings Cathy to tears, but she and Bob agree that they would enjoy having a place in Florida during their healthy retirement years.

Based on Bob and Cathy's ages, current interest rates and the $800,000 value of their Newton home, they could borrow approximately $425,000 in reverse mortgage cash. They could draw it all at the closing or take some in a lump sum and leave rest to be available for future withdrawals. Bob and Cathy would very much like to purchase a $200,000 condominium in Clearwater Beach condominiums, not far from their favorite public golf course.

By taking out a reverse mortgage as above, Bob and Cathy will have the best of all worlds. They will have the cash they need to buy the Florida condominium outright (and enjoy its appreciation throughout their retirement), a financial cushion in the form of the remaining credit line on their Newton home, and most importantly, will be able to keep and enjoy their home. Of course, interest will acrrue on their borrowings, but between the expected appreciation of the Florida property and the value they place on the two-home lifestyle, Bob and Cathy will have it all in retirement thanks to the Snowbird.

ROBINHOOD(sm). The Robinhood(sm) guides more sophisticated and larger property value elders on the use of asset leverage by using other financial products, especially second to die life insurance. In simple terms, the reverse mortgage is used to pay premiums and the actuarial analysis results in a positive arbitrage for the reverse mortgage borrower. Here's a simple example to ilustrate the idea:

Mike and Sheila enjoy financial security by anyone's measure. Mike, recently turned 65, and Sheila, 66, just sold their successful software company to a larger competitor - realizing over $10 million in restricted stock in the buyer from the sale. Adding that to their $2 million primary residence in Brookline, $3 million Nantucket home and $5 million in other savings, mainly in qualified retirement plans, Mike and Sheila will pass a large estate on to their five children. Or, will they only fill the coffers of the US Treasury? Based on a $20 million estate, Mike and Sheila's estate planning attorney showed them a potential estate tax of over $6 million if they were to die this year.

If we were their attorneys, we would suggest setting up an irrevocable life insurance trust (ILIT) to hold a survivorship (second to die) life insurance policy. As wealthy as they may seem, Mike and Sheila lack sufficient liquidity to commit to a relatively large insurance premium, although the arbitrage on the numbers clearly show the economic benefit of establishing such an estate plan while they are young and healthy. The solution? A reverse mortgage, either on a line of credit basis where premiums are paid annually or a lump sum cash account where Mike and Sheila can purchase their life insurance (through the ILIT) with a single premium.

By using the reverse mortgage to pay the life insurance premium, Mike and Sheila will get the liquidity they need without running afoul of income tax rules or using restricted or otherwise inaccessible assets to pay for the needed life insurance. Upon the second of Mike and Sheila's death, the overall estate will be liquidated and the reverse mortgage paid in full with part of the cash proceeds of the life insurance policy, the balance to be used for paying estate taxes or direct bequests to their family. Based on a sophisticated side-by-side analysis of their reverse mortgage projections and life insurance guarantees, Mike and Sheila can make an educated arbitrage decision without significant risk of economic loss.

We are not licensed to provide insurance or loan products and any decision to proceed with any of these advanced reverse mortgage plans requires you to work with your trusted advisors. But, Gosselin Law can help our clients evaluate various complex uses of insurance and mortgage tools, as well as suggest reliable sales organizations

Gosselin Law is one of the only elder law firms in the country with a reverse mortgage specialty practice. We can assist homeowners in the states where we are licensed or associated with local counsel with the planning of reverse mortgages, coordination of federal benefits with reverse mortgage loan proceeds and gerneral asset protection and estate planning.

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The housing market and mortgage industry, like the economy, rise and fall. This is normal and consistent with U.S. economics principles. No offense to major media outlets, but these are normal times. As I write this article, interest rates continue to hold steady at historic lows and housing inventories are at their highest levels in years. This is good news for buyers, not such good news for sellers.

Homeowners purchasing property in recent years may have bought properties priced higher than their current value, and financed those properties at high interest rates or via adjustable rate mortgages. This might explain why there's been a sharp rise in potential short sales listed in Massachusetts this year. Between January and August this year, 287 homes were listed by their owners through MLS (a real-estate listing service) as potential short sales, up from 51 last year. And many experts expect this number to increase in the coming months.

The Long and Short of Short Sales & Foreclosure

Short sales, like foreclosures, fall into the real estate category of arrangements called 'distressed sales,' but short sales differ from foreclosures and other kinds of distressed sales in many respects. For one thing, homeowners do not have to be behind in mortgage payments to venture into the short sales market. They merely have to demonstrate their homes can't be sold for what is owed on them. A short sale is an "arrangement" between the current owner of a home and the lender, where the lender accepts an offer less than the total amount owed on the mortgage. The "deficiency" is the difference between the amount owed, and what is collected at a short sale closing. It is important to note if a bank sells a house (most likely at auction) it is not a short sale. A seller deciding to lower the price and take less profit is not a short sale. Someone who owns a home free and clear, who sells a $150,000 for $75,000 - is not a short sale. For it to be a short sale, there must be an outstanding mortgage on the home and either the seller or the lender must be getting "shorted."

Foreclosure occurs when a lender files a notice of intent to foreclose in the Massachusetts Land Court because of non-payment. This filing notifies the homeowner that unless payments are brought up to date, the home will be sold to the highest bidder. Not all homes that fall into foreclosure go to public sale. Owners have the right to cure, i.e., make up "back payments" up to a point. Pending legislation in Massachusetts, House No. 4085, proposed by the Governor in July of this year, gives homeowners up to 90 days to cure. The 90-day clock starts ticking from the date that the lender mails the notice.

Why Have a Short Sale Instead of Foreclosure?

Even though it is not necessary for homeowners to be in arrears on the mortgages to qualify for a short sale, a homeowner can't just wake up one morning and decide to sell the home in a short sale transaction. Short sales require the approval of the lender, and typically, lenders won't consider a short sale if payments are current. Lenders aren't in the business of buying or selling property and are certainly not interested in losing interest money from interest rates on financed homes. In approving short sales arrangements, lenders usually do diligence on the homeowner/seller, the buyer, and the party financing the buyer. While the kinds of evidence lenders require varies, in doing diligence, all lenders usually require sellers to submit a hardship letter which specifically details the seller's financial difficulties. The lender may also require pay stubs, copies of medical bills, credit reports, checking account statements and other proof of financial hardship. From the buyer or buyer's representative (attorney, broker or the like) the lender will require some kind of release, signed by the seller, authorizing the lender to talk to the buyer about the seller's mortgage. In general, a buyer's first interaction with the lender is through the lender's loss mitigation department. At or near the closing of the short sale, the mortgage lender will review the settlement statement, a contract between the buyer and the seller, containing a description of the source of the buyer's financing.

In making a decision whether to foreclose on a property or to accept a proposal from a homeowner/seller and buyer to enter into a short sale, lenders may consider the following factors, among others:

• whether the seller is deserving of a break
• whether it would be cheaper to simply repossess and sell
• how many other properties the lender currently has in default
• whether there are co-signers on the mortgage who can be held responsible for the balance owed on the mortgage

Loss mitigators are also part of the decision-making process. They work for lenders and sometimes receive bonuses based on how many defaulted loans they clear up efficiently and inexpensively. Loss mitigators might be more likely, especially during certain real estate markets, to accept a detailed, well-done short sale plan versus foreclosing on a property. Foreclosures in New England typically cost an average of $50,000 and are time consuming to the lender.

In conducting diligence, homeowners can expect lenders to order what's called a broker's price opinion, which will give the lender some idea of what the property is worth in the current market. Sellers can get their own opinion from an independent appraiser.

What Are the Credit or Other Related Consequences of Short Sales Transactions?

Sellers at short sales will take a hit on their credit score, but a short sale typically turns out better compared to foreclosure, especially if that seller wants to qualify for another mortgage. For example, if a seller's FICO score was 680 before a foreclosure, after foreclosure, the seller's score could dip as low as 400 and the seller may have to wait about 36 months before a lender will offer a reasonable interest rate.

On the other hand, if a seller with the same number of points entered into a short sale transaction, the FICO score will only fall about 80 to 100 points, i.e. to about 580 to 600, and in about 18 months, the seller can buy another home with financing at a good interest rate. As part of the negotiation, sellers (or representatives) might ask the lender not to make an adverse report to credit reporting agencies. Lenders are under no obligation to accommodate this request. In fact, some companies require them to report as part of their policy.

Lenders are likewise under no obligation to "write off" the loan. Sellers may still be legally obligated to pay the difference between the loan amount and the amount that the buyer paid for the property if at least one of the following is true:

(1) the terms of the loan agreement make the homeowner personally liable; and/or

(2) state law requires lenders collect loan deficiencies from homeowners/sellers.

In Massachusetts the current law in this area permits with little restriction, the loan agreement to govern. Thus, it is important sellers review loan documents with an attorney to make an informed decision. Attorneys can advise sellers on legal options or obligations and whether they will be subject to the possibility of a deficiency judgment for the "loss" to the lender who permits them to "sell short."

What About Income Tax?

Sellers might think that they are fine when it comes to taxes from selling a home less than its value. The IRS sees it differently. The deficiency the sellers paid in a short sale transaction is taxed as ordinary income. Short sale sellers can expect to receive a 1099 for debt cancellation from the IRS. In the case where a seller is found to be liable for and has paid a deficiency judgment, that amount can be counted as a loss for tax purposes. For sellers with capital gains, short sale losses can be subtracted from capital gains. For those without capital gains, the law presently allows them to deduct up to $3,000 for the year. Additional losses have to be carried forward to later years at the rate of $3,000 per year. Each seller should be certain to get individual tax advice for specific transactions from an attorney, CPA or other similar professional as part of the process of considering a short sale.

Pending Federal Law and New Massachusetts Regulations

Representatives advising sellers should, in addition to advising on existing tax law, be aware of pending federal law that could potentially affect taxation on short sales (if enacted) as well as new Massachusetts regulations currently in effect. On October 4 of this year, the House passed the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007. In sum, should this piece of legislation pass in the Senate, it will amend the Internal Revenue Code to exclude amounts attributable to a discharge of indebtedness incurred on a principal residence. There are limits on the amount that can be discharged, among other provisions of the bill. Attorneys or others representing sellers in a short sale transaction should keep an eye on this bill and, for now, make their clients aware of it as a future possibility.

Currently Massachusetts has promulgated regulations to protect and help sellers in a different way from the pending federal legislation. New regulations apply to what they call "foreclosure rescue transactions" and "foreclosure-related services." The regulations took effect this September and are intended primarily to protect sellers from charlatans in the foreclosure world who prey on sellers in danger of losing their homes. Here's how scam foreclosure rescue schemes typically work. Businesses or professionals claim to assist consumers who are facing foreclosure by convincing them to convey their property to straw purchasers. The straw purchasers then obtain mortgage loans, permitting the individuals facing foreclosure to continue living in their property for a limited time, and promising the individuals they will be able to later reacquire their homes. The promises of maintaining home ownership are illusory and homeowners lose their home to the so-called "rescuer." These new regulations underscore the need for attorneys zealously representing their clients in Massachusetts and thoroughly investigate the buyers in a transaction.

Selling Short in Short

In the world of investment, securities stocks are often sold short; meaning that an investor sells borrowed securities in anticipation that the price will plummet and the stock can be paid back at a lower price. This is called "covering" a sale of shorted stock.

A short sale in the real estate world is fairly similar. A homeowner who does not yet own the home (i.e., the home is mortgaged) can sell it to a third party to "cover" the mortgage. Short sales in the mortgage world therefore, amount to an accommodation by a lender who hopes to avoid or at least mitigate an impending loss by permitting a homeowner/seller to "short" the property - selling it below the value of the mortgage to a buyer who is not the lender.

As previously mentioned, it is not necessary for homeowners to be behind on their mortgage in order to enter into a short sale transaction. If that is the case for a particular homeowner, it might be important for the homeowner to know a short sale or foreclosure are not the only options. Even though this article is limited to discussion of options to short sales and foreclosures, these are not always the best solutions for every homeowner with an "upside down mortgage." Attorneys or other representatives would be well-advised to have homeowners consider workouts or restructuring of loans, voluntarily offering the lender the deed in lieu of foreclosure or inquiring if mortgage insurance will cover the deficiency. Short sales can be risky, somewhat intrusive and involve a long, frustrating process, but could be worthwhile, provided homeowners and their representatives work together to choose and negotiate the right solution for the right client.

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Until very recently anyone with reasonable credit standing and some form of income could get a mortgage. Mortgage lenders competed to get the worst borrowers - I am not making this up. So-called "sub-prime" lenders are in the business of making high cost loans to borrowers with marginal track records for paying their debts. Why make such loans? Because they could exact high interest rates from these borrowers and then bundle up these obligations on the secondary market Wall Street-style for investors who not only invested directly in these mortgages, but also hedged (i.e. gambled on changes in the market) among other leveraging techniques to go for the big score on these loans. Sound familiar? Internet stocks anyone?

Look in your morning paper, whoomp! There goes another one. Daily these sub-prime lenders are disappearing into the files of the Bankruptcy Court.

The mainstream lenders that dabbled in these markets with products such as "alt-A" (alternative guidelines for people with good credit) and NINA (no income, no asset - also known as "liar's loans") are running for cover.

They are canceling whole product categories and consolidating lending divisions so they don't appear to Wall Street as having ever been in the Internet (oops), I mean sub-prime, business. Sub-prime loans are built on a house of cards, nothing more than pure speculation on the buoyancy of the real estate market and the hope that the historically worst borrowers will re-pay some of their mortgage debt. It's sort of like hoping that your pet crocodile won't eat your cat. Nature is nature.

There is a loan category that is showing real signs of stability and growth - reverse mortgages. Reverse mortgages are tied to actual equity, hard money lending if you will. They are insured by real insurance from the U.S. Government in the event the lenders can't meet their promises. Reverse mortgages are tied to actual human life expectancy - God is on their side.

It's not to say that we won't see abuses in the reverse mortgage arena as the slimy mortgage originators handling sub-prime loans slither to new products, but for the most part elders who understand the costs and challenges of the reverse mortgage will at least get what they bargained for without regard for the whims of Wall Street's unending thirst for new investment vehicles.

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